skills/sistani-guidance/references/books/worship/pages-025-036.md

# Summary of the Rules of Worship

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25 | S u m m a r y  o f  t h e  R u l e s  o f  W o r s h i p
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Chapter Two
Purification from Impurities
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27 | S u m m a r y  o f  t h e  R u l e s  o f  W o r s h i p
Issue 55: There are ten impurities (najasa):
1 & 2. Urine and feces of humans and any animal whose meat is
forbidden and has gushing blood (i.e., blood gushes out when its
vein is cut). The obligatory precaution is that the urine of such
animals without gushing blood but having meat is also impure,
though bird droppings, even from forbidden birds, are pure.
3. The dead body of humans and any animal with gushing blood,
including soul-bearing parts detached from a living body.
4. Semen of humans and any animal with gushing blood, even if
the animal is lawful to eat, as an obligatory precaution.
5. Blood from the human body or any animal with gushing blood.
6. Dogs and pigs that live on land.
7. Wines, and as an obligatory precaution, beer (fuqāʿ), though
drinking both is absolutely prohibited.
8. Based on obligatory precaution, non-believers except
Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians.
9. Based on obligatory precaution, the sweat of an animal that
feeds on human excrement and is accustomed to it.
Issue 56: If any of these impurities contacts a pure object and
both or one of them is wet enough for moisture to transfer, the
pure object becomes impure. If both are dry, or if the moisture is
insufficient to transfer, the impurity does not spread. If an impure
object comes into contact with another pure object under these
conditions, the impurity transfers unless there are three or more
intermediaries between the impurity and the pure object.
Purifiers
Issue 57: Twelve things purify impure objects, known as purifiers
(muṭahhirāt):
First Purifier: Water
The intended water is the usual water from any source, whether
it be a river, rain, or a well. In (jurisprudential) terminology, it is
called "unmixed water," as opposed to "mixed water," which is a
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liquid that must have the word water added to another word in its
name, such as rose water, pomegranate water, and grape water.
Unmixed water is divided into two types: 1. Abundant water; 2.
Little water
•
Abundant water is water that does not become impure
upon contact with an impure object unless its color, taste,
or smell changes due to the impurity.
•
Little water becomes impure immediately upon contact
with an impure object, even if none of its three
characteristics (color, taste, smell) change.
There are several types of abundant water:
1. Kurr water: Water that is at least the volume of Kurr or
more. The volume of Kurr is approximately 36 cubic
handspans (about 384 liters), such as tap water that comes
from large reservoirs or purification plants to homes.
2. Well water.
3. Flowing water: Water from rivers, streams, and springs.
4. Rainwater during rainfall.
Little waters include stagnant waters that gather in pools,
containers, bottles, etc. (excluding wells) and have a volume less
than Kurr. In legal parlance, this is called "qalīl water."
Issue 58: Any object that has become impure can be purified by
washing it once with a small quantity of water or with a large
quantity of water (Kurr). If washed with a small quantity of water,
the water must be drained. Exceptions include:
1. Vessels made impure by wine: These must be washed three
times.
2. Vessels made impure by the death of a desert rat, or licked by
a pig: These must be washed seven times.
3. Vessels from which a dog drinks any form of liquid or vessels
licked by a dog or contaminated by dog's saliva or urine: These
must first be scrubbed with clean soil and then washed twice with
water. If the dog's saliva, sweat, urine, or other excretions come
into contact with the inside of a container, or if any other part of
the dog's body, such as its hand or foot, with transferring moisture
touches the inside of the container, it is recommended to first
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29 | S u m m a r y  o f  t h e  R u l e s  o f  W o r s h i p
scrub the container with soil and then wash it three times with
water.
4. To purify something that has become impure by the urine of an
infant boy or girl who only consumes milk and does not eat food,
it is sufficient to pour a small amount of water over it such that it
reaches all the impure areas, and no more than this amount is
necessary.
5. Objects contaminated by urine (other than that of an infant):
These should be washed once in running water or twice if using
a small quantity (qalīl) of water. If washed with Kurr water, the
obligatory precaution is that it should be washed twice.
6. The inside of a container that becomes impure by something
other than wine or the consumption of liquids by a dog or pig, or
by a dog licking it, or by the death of a wild mouse, must be
washed three times with a small amount of water for purification.
Also, as an obligatory precaution, this applies if it is washed with
Kurr water, running water, or rainwater.
 Second Purifier: Sun
The ground and everything fixed on it, such as buildings and
walls, can be purified by sunlight. However, things resting on the
ground, such as trees, leaves, fruits, plants, doors, windows, nails,
and wooden structures used in buildings cannot be purified by
sunlight as an obligatory precaution.
To purify objects with sunlight, (in addition to the removal of the
impurity and the object being wet with impurity), it is required
that the drying be due to direct sunlight.
Third Purifier: Removal of the Essential Impurity
This purifying agent purifies things in two cases:
1. If an animal's body is contaminated with an essential impurity,
like blood, urine, or feces, it is sufficient for purification to
remove the impurity, and washing with water is not necessary.
2. To purify the inside of the mouth, nose, ears, and eyes—
referred to as non-external areas—it is sufficient to remove the
impurity.
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Fourth Purifier: Earth
The soles of the feet and the bottom of shoes are purified by
walking or dragging them on clean and dry ground, provided that
the impurity is removed by this walking or dragging without the
use of any other means. Additionally, as an obligatory precaution,
the soles of the feet and the bottom of shoes are purified only if
the impurity was transferred from impure ground.
Fifth Purifier: Subservience (Taba'iyat)
This purifier applies in situations such as:
1. The purification of a wine container that turns into vinegar due
to the purification obtained from the transformation of wine into
vinegar.
2. The purification of the hand of someone washing an impure
garment with a small amount of water, as a result of the garment
itself becoming pure.
Sixth Purifier: Converting to Islam
A disbeliever considered impure becomes pure upon accepting
Islam.
Seventh Purifier: Absence of a Muslim
If the body, clothing, or something else becomes impure, and if it
is in the possession of a Muslim who is bāligh – or a non-bāligh
mumayyiz child who is able to discern between what is pure and
what is impure – and that Muslim moves out of sight [with the
impure object], then in the event that one deems it probable that
he has washed it, it is treated as pure.
Eighth Purifier: Transfer
For example, if human blood is transferred into the body of an
insect that is generally considered bloodless, such as a mosquito
or flea, and the insect is then killed, the blood within the insect is
considered pure.
Ninth Purifier: Transformation (Istiḥāla)
This occurs when the essence of an impure object changes so
thoroughly that it becomes a different substance. However, if
only the name or characteristic changes or its parts scatter, it does
not become pure. For instance, if impure wood burns and turns
into ash, it undergoes transformation and becomes pure.
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31 | S u m m a r y  o f  t h e  R u l e s  o f  W o r s h i p
Tenth Purifier: Excretion of Blood
If an animal, whose meat is permissible to eat, is slaughtered
according to religious laws, and a normal amount of blood exits
the body, the remaining blood in the animal's body is considered
pure.
Eleventh Purifier: Conversion (Inqilāb)
If wine spontaneously or by adding substances like vinegar or salt
turns into vinegar, it becomes pure.
Twelfth Purifier: Confinement of an Animal that Eats
Impurities
The urine and feces of an animal that habitually eats human
excrement are impure. For the urine and feces of such an animal
to be considered pure, the animal must be put through a process
of istibrāʾ, meaning that it must be confined to a place and be fed
pure food for some time so that after that period, it is no longer
considered an excrement-eating animal.
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Rules of Prayer
Prayer is one of the pillars on which the true religion of Islam is
built. Almighty God says, "Indeed, the prayer has been decreed
upon the believers at fixed times,"1 and in a hadith from the
Prophet Muḥammad (peace be upon him and his family), it is
said, "Everything has a face and the face of your religion is
prayer." In another hadith, it is said, "My intercession will not
reach those who belittle their prayers."
The most important obligatory prayers are the five daily prayers:
1. Fajr (Dawn) Prayer: Two units (rakaʿat).
2. Ẓuhr (Noon) Prayer: Four units.
3. ʿAṣr (Afternoon) Prayer: Four units.
4. Maghrib (Evening) Prayer: Three units.
5. ʿIshāʾ (Night) Prayer: Four units.
In certain conditions, the four-unit prayers are shortened during
travel or moments of fear.
Issue 59: It is recommended to perform thirty-four units of
supererogatory (nafl) prayers in a day and night, which include:
1. Eight units before the Ẓuhr prayer.
2. Eight units before the ʿAṣr prayer.
3. Four units after the Maghrib prayer.
4. Two units after the ʿIshā prayer, which should be recited sitting,
counting as one unit.
5. Eight units of the Late Night Prayer (Ṣalāt al-Layl). Its time
starts from the beginning of the night after ʿIshāʾ prayer and if it
is offered any time after ʿIshāʾ prayer, it is offered within the
prescribed time; ideally, it is performed close to the dawn.
6. Two units of the Shafʿ prayer after the Night Prayer.
7. One unit of the Witr prayer after the Shafʿ prayer.
8. Two units before the Fajr prayer.
1 Quran 4:103
```

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33 | S u m m a r y  o f  t h e  R u l e s  o f  W o r s h i p
Except for the Witr prayer, which is a one-unit prayer, all other
supererogatory prayers are performed in sets of two units.
Issue 60: The time for the Fajr prayer is from the true dawn until
sunrise. The time for Ẓuhr and ʿAṣr prayers is from the sun's
decline (noon) until sunset, and the Ẓuhr prayer should be
performed before the ʿAṣr prayer. The sun's decline is the
midpoint between sunrise and sunset. The time for Maghrib and
ʿIshāʾ prayers for a person who is not in a state of emergency
extends from sunset (dusk) until midnight.1 Midnight is the
midpoint between sunset and the true dawn. If a person
intentionally delays the Maghrib and ʿIshāʾ prayers until after
midnight, he must perform them before dawn without making a
niyyat of Adā (i.e. in time) or Qaḍā (i.e. after the lapse of time),
and in both cases, the Maghrib prayer should be performed before
the ʿIshā prayer.
Issue 61: A person must face the Qibla (the direction of the
Kaʿba) while performing obligatory prayers. However, if
performing supererogatory prayers while walking or riding, it is
not necessary to face the Qibla, but in other situations, the
obligatory precaution is that they should be performed while
facing the Qibla.
Issue 62: If a person is confident about the direction of the Qibla
and prays facing that direction, then later realizes that the Qibla
was in another direction, if the deviation from the Qibla is less
than 90 degrees to the right or left, the prayer is valid. If the
deviation is more than 90 degrees or the person prayed with their
back to the Qibla, he must repeat the prayer if there is time left,
and if the time has expired, it is not to make up the prayer.
Issue 63: The person performing the prayer must ensure that his
body, including hair and nails, as well as his clothing, are clean
from impurities. Small items of clothing, such as socks and hats,
which by themselves cannot cover the private parts, do not need
to be clean, provided they are not made from impure substances
1 The obligatory precaution is that as long as the redness in the eastern sky
appearing after sunset has not passed overhead, Maghrib prayer should not be
performed.
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or animals like dogs. There is no problem in carrying impure
(mutanajjis)1 objects in one’s pockets during prayer.
Issue 64: If there is blood from a wound or sore on the body or
clothing, praying with it is permissible as long as it has not yet
healed. Superficial wounds must be cleaned.
Issue 65: If a person's body or clothing is stained with a small
amount of blood, less than the size of a fingertip, praying with it
is valid. However, there are exceptions, including menstrual
blood, and as an obligatory precaution, the blood from impure
animals or carcasses, blood from animals forbidden to eat,
postnatal bleeding, and irregular bleeding (Istiḥāḍa).
Issue 66: If a person unknowingly prays with an impure body or
clothing and discovers the impurity after the prayer, the prayer is
valid. However, if he had doubts about the impurity before the
prayer and did not check, discovering the impurity afterward, he
must repeat the prayer as an obligatory precaution. If he notices
the impurity during the prayer and is certain it was there before
starting, and there is enough time to repeat the prayer, he must do
so as an obligatory precaution. If there is not enough time, such
that even one unit of the prayer cannot be performed within the
time, he should remove the impurity during the prayer,
completing it without committing one of the invalidating agents,
and the prayer will be valid.
Issue 67: If a person knows his body or clothing is impure but
neglects it and forgets, and prays in that state, he must repeat the
prayer as an obligatory precaution.
Issue 68: Purity from minor and major impurities is obligatory in
prayer, as mentioned in the rules of purification.
Issue 69: The place where one prays must be lawful, and praying
in a usurped place is, as an obligatory precaution, invalid. If a
usurped carpet is on lawful ground, or a lawful carpet is on
usurped ground, praying on it is also invalid, as an obligatory
precaution.
1 In this condition, the pure thing is called mutanajjis (lit. the thing which has
become impure). Unlike ʿayn al-najis, mutanajjis is capable of becoming ṭāhir
(clean). However, like ʿayn al-najis, a mutanajjis can make other things
mutanajjis if it contacts them while being wet.
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35 | S u m m a r y  o f  t h e  R u l e s  o f  W o r s h i p
Issue 70: If an item is subject to Khums1 and the owner has not
paid it, it is considered usurped. Therefore, until the Khums is
paid, it is forbidden to pray or use it in any way.
Issue 71: The place where the forehead touches in prostration
must be clean, but it is not necessary for the places where other
parts of the body touch to be clean, provided the impurity does
not transfer to the body or clothing.
Issue 72: If a man and woman want to pray in the same place, as
an obligatory precaution, the woman should not stand in front of
or equal to the man. The woman should stand back, with the
minimum distance being such that her place of prostration is in
line with the man's knees when he is in prostration, or there
should be a barrier like a wall between them, or the distance
between them should be more than ten cubits (approximately four
and a half meters).
Issue 73: During prayer, one must cover his private parts. For
men, the private parts in prayer include the penis, testicles, and
anus. For women, the entire body except for three areas should
be covered:
1. Face to the extent that a scarf usually does not cover it when it
is wrapped around it.
2. The hands from the wrist to the fingertips.
3. The feet from the ankle down (in the absence of non-mahram
men).
Issue 74: If someone realizes during prayer that his private parts
are uncovered, he must cover them immediately, and the prayer
is valid. If he realizes after finishing the prayer, the prayer is still
valid.
Issue 75: The conditions for the prayer garments are:
1. They must be clean, as mentioned earlier.
2. The garment that covers the private parts should be lawful, as
an obligatory precaution.
1 In Islam, Khums refers to the required religious obligation of any Muslims
to pay 1/5th of his acquired wealth from certain sources toward specified
causes.
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Page image: [original page image](../../../assets/source-pages/worship-036.png).

```text
3. The garment should not be made from the body parts of an
animal that has a soul, such as the skin of an animal slaughtered
non-Islamically. This applies as an obligatory precaution even if
the garment alone is insufficient to cover the private parts.
4. It should not be made from predatory animals, like foxes, and
as an obligatory precaution, it should not be made from animals
whose meat is forbidden to eat, like rabbits and cats. This
condition applies only to the garments that sufficiently cover the
private parts and not to others.
5. The garment should not be made of pure natural silk for men.
6. The garment should not be made of pure or impure gold for
men. Wearing gold jewelry, such as a gold chain or ring, renders
men’s prayers invalid.
Issue 76: Wearing gold and pure silk is always forbidden for men,
even outside of prayer, and as an obligatory precaution, men
should never use gold for adornment.
Issue 77: It is recommended to recite the Adhān (call to prayer)
before the daily prayers. The Adhān is as follows:
Allāhu akbar (4 times)
Ashhadu an lā ilāha illallāh (2
times)
Ashhadu anna Muḥammadan
Rasūlullāh (2 times)
Ḥayya ʿalaṣ ṣalāh (2 times)
Ḥayya ʿalal falāḥ (2 times)
Ḥayya ʿala khayril ʿamal (2
times)
Allāhu akbar (2 times)
Lā ilāha illal lāh (2 times)
ُللاّ هُ
ُأَکْبَره،ُللاّ هُ
ُأَکْبَره،ُللاّ هُ
ُأَکْبَره،ُللاّ هُ
ُأَکْبَره
ُ ّأَشْهَدهُأَنُْالُإِلٰهَُإالّ ُللاّ ه،ُأَشْهَدهُأَنُْالُإِلٰهَُإال
ُللاّ ه
َُّأَشْهَدهُأنَُّمهحَمَّداًُرَسهوْ لهُللاّ ِ،ُأَشْهَدهُأن
ُِ ّمهحَمَّداًُرَسهوْ لهُللا
ُِحَیَُّعَلَیُالصَّالةِ،ُحَیَُّعَلَیُالصَّالة
ُِحَیَُّعَلیُالفَالٰ حِ،ُحَیَُّعَلیُالفَالٰ ح
ُ ِحَیَُّعَلیٰ ُخَیرِ ُالْعَمَلِ،ُحَیَُّعَلیٰ ُخَیر
ُِالْعَمَل
ُللاّ هُ
ُأَکْبَره،ُللاّ هُ
ُأَکْبَره
ُالُإِلٰهَُإالّ ُللاّ ه،ُالُإِلٰهَُإالّ ُللاّ ه
Testifying to the guardianship and leadership of Amīr al-
Muʾminīn, ʿAlī (peace be upon him) is itself recommended and
complementaryُto the testimony of the Prophet's (peace be upon
him and his family) message but is not part of the Adhān.
```