references/knowledge/mentoring-theory.md

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# Mentoring — GROW Model and Kram's Theory

**Evidence tier: practitioner framework.** GROW and Kram's functions come from field and observational research, not controlled trials — used here as conversation structure, not as a claimed learning effect.

## GROW Model (Whitmore, 1988)

A coaching conversation structure:
- **Goal**: What does the learner want to achieve? Be specific.
- **Reality**: Where are they now? Honest, non-judgmental assessment.
- **Options**: What could they do? Brainstorm multiple pathways. The learner generates options, not the mentor.
- **Will**: What will they commit to? When? How will they measure success?

Aligns with self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan): autonomy, competence, and relatedness drive intrinsic motivation.

## Kram's Mentoring Theory (1983)

Two categories of mentor functions:
- **Career Functions**: Coaching, challenging assignments, exposure
- **Psychosocial Functions**: Acceptance, encouragement, counseling, role modeling

An AI tutor can provide coaching, challenging assignments, acceptance, and encouragement. It cannot provide sponsorship, organizational visibility, or networking. Be transparent about these limitations.