skills/sistani-guidance/references/books/hajj/pages-037-048.md

# Hajj Rituals

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## PDF PAGE 37

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Various kinds of Umrah
Rule 135: Like obligatory pilgrimage, the optional
pilgrimage is also at times obligatory and at times
optional. It may be Mufradah or Tamatu'.
Rule 136: Like the pilgrimage, Umrah is obligatory on all
those who can afford it and, like obligatory pilgrimage,
must be performed forthwith, although the means may be
sufficient for Umrah but not for a pilgrimage. However, it
is apparent (adh'dhahir) that if a person's responsibility is
the performance of Hajj-ut-Tamatu', the Umrat-ul-
Mufradah is not obligatory on him. Thus, if an agent
performs all the ceremonies of obligatory pilgrimage on
behalf of a principal, the performance of an Umrat-ul
Mufradah for himself is not obligatory on him, even if he
has the means to perform it, although, as a matter of
precaution, it is better to do so.
Rule 137: It is mustahab to perform umrat-ul- mufradah in
every month of the year. However, observing a gap of
thirty days between every two such optional pilgrimages
is not a must. That is, you can perform Umrah in the end of
one month, and another at the beginning of another
month. It is not permissible to perform two such optional
pilgrimages in the same month. There is no objection to a
person performing two optional pilgrimages, one for
himself or another person and the other in the hope that
it will gain him thawab; or one for himself and the other
for another person, or both of them for another person, or
if one is Mufradah and the other Tamatu''.So if a person
has performed Umrat-ul-Mufradah, it is permissible for him
to perform Umrat-ut-Tamatu'' consecutively in the same
month. Similar too is the rule on performing an Umrat-ul-
Mufradah on completion of an obligatory pilgrimage.
However, it is not permissible to perform an optional
pilgrimage between Umrat-ut-Tamatu' and obligatory
pilgrimage.However, if he stayed in Makkah until the day
of tarwiyah, intending to perform pilgrimage, Umrat-ul-
Mufradah will his Tamatu'; he should then perform Hajj-ut-
Tamatu' thereafter.
```

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Rule 138: Just as the optional pilgrimage becomes
obligatory to perform on attainment of means, so does it
become obligatory to fulfil a vow, oath, promise etc.,.
Rule 139: The rituals involved in the two optional
pilgrimages, Mufradah and Tamatu'' can be the same, and
this will be discussed late, as well as vary, such as:
in Umrat-ul-Mufradah, it is obligatory to perform Tawafun
Nisa but it is not obligatory in Umrat-ut-Tamatu'; Umrat-ut-
Tamatu' can only be performed during the season of
obligatory pilgrimage, namely, Shawwal, Thil Qa'dah and
Thil Hijjah, whereas it is permissible to perform the Umrat-
ul-Mufradah during all the months of the year, preferably
in Rajab; in Umrat-ut-Tamatu', the ihram can be removed
only after Taqseer, while in Umrat-ul-Mufradah it can be
removed after taqseer or shaving the head, and the latter
is better; it is obligatory to perform Umrat-ut-Tamatu' and
obligatory pilgrimage in the same year, but that is not the
rule for Umrat-ul-Mufradah. If Hajj-ul-Ifraad and Umrat-ul-
Ifraad have become obligatory on a person, it is
permissible for him to perform the Hajj-ul-Ifraad in one
year and the Umrat-ul-Ifraad in the other year; in Umrat-ul-
Mufradah, if a person deliberately had a sexual
intercourse with his wife before sa'y, his pilgrimage
becomes invalidated; he shall be required to perform it
again, that is to stay in Makkah to the following month to
perform it. However, if he does so during Umrat-ut-
Tamatu'' it is doubtful if it would be invalidated and the
better view is that it will not be affected as will be
discussed in Rule 220.
Rule 140: In Umrat-ul-Mufradah as in Umrat-ut-Tamatu''
one must wear ihram at the Meqat itself as will be
explained later. If the person is in Makkah and intends to
perform an Umrat-ul-Mufradah, it is permissible for him to
come out of the Haram and wear his ihram; thus, it is not
obligatory for him to proceed to a Meqat and wear the
ihram there; it is permissible for him to wear the ihram at
Hudaybiyyah, Ja'ranah or Tan'eem. The only exception to
this rule is when a person invalidates his Umrat-ul-
Mufradah by having sexual intercourse with his wife
before sa'y. In this case, as a matter of precaution, he must
```

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repeat the ihram for a new Umrah from a Meqat; however,
it is not permissible to wear ihram from Tan'eem, as will be
explained further in Rule 223.
Rule 141: It is obligatory to perform an Umrat-ul-
Mufradah, if one intends to enter Makkah, for it is not
permissible to do so without ihram except for those who
enter and depart from there regularly like by virtue of
their trade.Similarly, if a person has completed Umrat-ut-
Tamatu' and Hajj, or after Umrat-ul-Mufradah and has left
Makkah, he is permitted to re-enter without ihram before
the expiry of the same month in which the Umrah was
performed. As for the person who has departed from
Makkah after performing Umrat-ut-Tamatu', but before the
pilgrimage, the rule will be discussed under Rule 154
below.
Rule 142: If a person performs the Umrat-ul-Mufradah
during the Hajj season (defined in Rule 139 '2' above) and
remains in Makkah to the 8th of Thil Hijjah, he is
permitted to treat it as Umrat-ut-Tamatu' and perform
obligatory pilgrimage. However, there is no difference in
this regard between an obligatory pilgrimage and an
optional one.
```

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Optional pilgrimage
Rule 130: It is recommended to perform pilgrimage, if it
were possible, even if one does not have the required
means or has already performed the Hajjatul Islam. It is
recommended to do so each year for those who can afford
it.
Rule 131: It is recommended that at the time of departure
from Makkah, one makes the intention to return there.
Rule 132: It is recommended to send on obligatory
pilgrimage someone who does not have the means to
perform it himself. It is also recommended to take a loan to
make the journey, if one was sure they can make the
repayment later. It is recommended to make much
expense during pilgrimage.
Rule 133: It is permissible for a person who receives zakah,
from the share of the poor, to spend it on a recommended
pilgrimage.
Rule 134: It is conditional that a married woman,
intending to perform an optional pilgrimage, obtain the
consent of her husband. That is also the rule for a woman
observing a waiting period (iddah) arising from a
revocable divorce but not for a woman of an irrevocable
divorce. A widow, who is still in iddah, can perform a
pilgrimage.
```

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Types of Hajj
Rule 143: There are three types of pilgrimage: Tamatu',
Ifraad and Qiraan. The first is the obligation on those who
reside more than 48 miles from Makkah and the other two
are prescribed for those who reside within 48 miles of
Makkah.
Rule 144: There is no objection to those residing afar to
perform Ifraad or Qiraan pilgrimages as an optional
pilgrimage, just as there is no objection to those residing
in the vicinity performing the Tamatu' as a provisional
pilgrimage but this course is not permissible to either of
them in an obligatory pilgrimage. So performance of a
Hajj-ut-Tamatu' for those whose duty is to perform the
Ifraad or Qiraan or vice versa is not permissible. However,
the obligation of those who have to perform Tamatu' can,
in certain circumstances, change to Ifraad as will be
explained.
Rule 145: If a person residing afar, takes residence in
Makkah, his obligation will change to Hajjul Ifraad or
Qiraan after commencement of the third year of his taking
residence there. However, before that his obligation is to
perform Hajj-ut-Tamatu'. There is no difference as to the
availability of funds to perform pilgrimage being
materialized before taking such residence or during the
period of the residence. There is also no difference
whether or not he intended to take residence
permanently. The same rule applies to those living in cities
other than Makkah, provided that the distance between
the those places and Makkah is less than 48 miles.
Rule 146: When a person resides in Makkah and wishes to
perform Hajj-ut-Tamatu' before the change of his
obligation to Hajj-ul-Ifraad or Qiraan, it has been said that
he can wear ihram for Umrat-ut Tamatu' from Adnal Hil
(nearest Meqats to Makkah, such Hudaibiyyah, Ja'ranah,
and at-Tan'eem Mosque).However, it is arguable (ishkal)
that, as a matter of precaution, he must wear it at one of
the Meqats. Indeed, as a matter of precaution he should
wear ihram at the Meqat used by the people of his own
```

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country. It is apparent (alal adhhar) that this rule applies
to those residing in Makkah and wishing to perform Hajj-
ut- Tamatu', albeit a recommended one.
```

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Hajj-ut-Tamatu
Rule 147: This pilgrimage consists of two parts; the first is
called Umrah and the second HajjThe Hajj-ut-Tamatu'
applies to the second part; however, it is obligatory to
perform the Umrah before the Hajj.
Rule 148: Five matters must be observed in Umrat-ut-
Tamatu':
ihram must be worn at one of the Meqats which will be
discussed later; tawaf round the Ka'ba; prayer (salah) after
the tawaf; sa'y between Safa and Marwah; taqseer, that is,
to remove some hair of the head, beard or moustache. On
completion of these five acts, one is out of the state of
ihram and all that which is forbidden during ihram
becomes lawful.
Rule 149: It is obligatory on the pilgrim to be prepared to
undertake the requirements of the pilgrimage on
approaching the ninth of Thil Hijjah. There are thirteen
compulsory acts of worship in obligatory pilgrimage:
wearing ihram in Makkah, details of which will follow;
staying in Arafat from noon on the ninth of Thil Hijjah,
after adequate time has elapsed after zawaal to carry out
ghusl and say Dhuhr and Asr prayers jointly (jam'an), till
sunset. Arafat is situated about twelve miles from Makkah;
staying in Muzdalifah part of the eve of Eid-ul-Adhha till
sunrise on the day of the Eid. Muzdalifah is situated
between Arafat and Makkah; stoning (rami) Jamrat-ul-
Aqabah in Mina on the day of the Eid. Mina is situated
about three miles from Makkah; slaughtering an animal in
Mina on the day of Eid; shaving the head or removing
some hair in Mina. On completion of these acts, matters
forbidden during ihram become lawful except [having
sexual intercourse with one's] woman, perfume and
hunting; tawaf (tawaf-uz-ziyarah) on returning to Makkah;
prayers after tawaf; sa'y between Safa and Marwah. At
this stage wearing perfume becomes lawful; Tawafun
Nisa; prayers after Tawafun Nisa; remaining in Mina
during the eve of the eleventh and twelfth and, in certain
circumstances which will be explained below, the eve of
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the thirteenth [Thil Hijjah] also; stoning all the three
jamarat on the eleventh and twelfth and, evidently (al
adhhar), if the pilgrim is there on the thirteenth.
Rule 150: There are certain conditions that should be
observed in Hajj-ut-Tamatu':
Niyyah, that is, one must form the intention of performing
Hajj-ut-Tamatu'. If one sets his mind on performing
another kind of pilgrimage, or wavers in his intention, the
pilgrimage is invalidated. The Umrah and Hajj must be
performed during the season of Hajj (see Rule 139 '2'
above). If any part of the Umrah is performed before
commencement of the month of Shawwal, the Umrah is
invalid. The Umrah and Hajj must be performed in the
same year. If the Umrah is performed and then the Hajj is
postponed to the next year, the Tamatu' is invalid. It
makes no difference whether the pilgrim remains in
Makkah to the following year or goes back to his country
for the return journey to Makkah. Similarly, it makes no
difference whether he removes the ihram or remains in it
to the following year. As a matter of choice, the ihram for
Hajj must be worn in Makkah itself and the best place for
it is the Holy Mosque; however, if it is not possible to wear
ihram in Makkah, it may be worn wherever possible. The
Umrah and Hajj must both be performed by the same
person as an agent for one particular person. It is not
permissible to engage two agents, for a living or dead
person, for Hajj-ut-Tamatu', one to perform the Umrah and
the other the Hajj. Similarly, it is not permissible that one
person performs the Umrah on behalf of one person and
the Hajj for another.
Rule 151: If a pilgrim completes the rituals for Umrat-ut-
Tamatu', it is obligatory on him to perform the Hajj. As a
matter of precaution, it is not permissible for him to leave
Makkah without performing Hajj. However, if he wishes to
do so, even if it is not necessary, and there is no fear of
missing the Hajj, and if he is sure he can return to Makkah
to wear ihram in time, it is evident that he can depart from
Makkah without ihram. And if he is not so sure, it is
obligatory on him to wear the ihram for Hajj in Makkah.
Only then can he depart and head for Arafat in the same
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ihram. It is not permissible for a person who has
performed Umrat-ut-Tamatu' to leave Hajj out of choice,
even though it is a recommended one. However, if it was
not possible to perform Hajj, he should consider it Umrah
Mufradah; accordingly, he should perform Tawafun Nisa.
Rule 152: It is permissible for a pilgrim whose obligation is
Hajj-ut-Tamatu' to depart from Makkah before the
completion of his Umrah; that is, evidently, if he is able to
return to Makkah; otherwise, as a matter of precaution, he
should not do so.
Rule 153: The prohibition against leaving Makkah on
completion of Umrah arises if one is to depart from the
city for another place. However, the new streets and
suburbs, that have sprung around the Holy City, are
considered part of it. Thus, the pilgrim can visit them after
completing Umrah, whether or not it was necessary to do
so.
Rule 154: If the pilgrim has departed from Makkah after
completing Umrah without ihram and goes beyond the
Meqat, two situations could arise:
if he returns to Makkah within the same month of
completing Umrah, he must enter Makkah without ihram,
wear it in Makkah for Hajj and depart for Arafat; if he
returns to Makkah after the expiry of the month in which
he performed the Umrah, he must repeat it.
Rule 155: If the obligation of a person is to perform Hajj-
ut-Tamatu', he cannot change it to Ifraad or Qiraan. There
can be an exception, if a pilgrim embarks on Umrat-ut-
Tamatu', then finds the time too limited to complete the
Umrah and commence the Hajj, he can change his
intention (niyyah) to Hajj-ul-Ifraad and perform Umrat-ul-
Mufradah after the Hajj. The test as to how much time
would be considered too limited to complete the Umrah is
a matter of difference between the scholars. However, it is
apparent that he must change his intention, if he cannot
complete the Umrah before midday of the staying (wuquf)
in Arafat, i.e. the 9th of Thil Hijjah.
Rule 156: If before embarking on Umrah, the pilgrim for
Tamatu' is aware that his time is too limited to complete
the Umrah, before the zawaal of wuquf at Arafat,
```

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changing his intention to Hajjul Ifraad or Qiraan shall not
be sufficient. He must, though, perform Hajj-ut-Tamatu'
after the Umrah, if the pilgrimage was obligatory on him.
Rule 157: If a pilgrim wears the ihram for Umrat-ut-
Tamatu' in good time, but deliberately delays tawaf and
sa'y till the noon of the 9th of Thil Hijjah, his Umrah is
invalid. It is apparent that he is not permitted to change
his intention to Ifraad. However, as a matter of caution, he
must perform tawaf and say the prayers after it, perform
the sa'y and shave or do taqseer with the intention of
acceptance as Hajj-ul-Ifraad or Umrat-ul-Mufradah.
```

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Hajj-ul-Ifraad
Hajj-ut-Tamatu' consists of two parts: Umrat-ut-Tamatu'
and Hajj. The first part is connected to the second, and
Umrah precedes Hajj.Hajj-ul-Ifraad is a distinct kind of
pilgrimage. It is the obligation of those who live in or
within 48 miles of Makkah. If it is possible for such a
person to perform Umrat-ul-Mufradah, it is obligatory on
him to do so separately. If it is possible for him to perform
only one of them, his obligation will be to perform that
only. If it is possible for him to perform one of them at one
time and the other at another time, he must perform each
of them at the time possible. If he can manage both
together, he must perform them at the same time. In this
situation, it is the common view among the scholars that
as a matter of caution, he must give precedence to the
Hajj over the Umrat-ul-Mufradah.
Rule 158: All the rituals are common to Hajj-ul-Ifraad and
Hajj-ut-Tamatu'. However, there are certain differences:
For Hajj-ut-Tamatu', it is obligatory that Umrat-ut-Tamatu'
must come first and both be performed in the same year,
as already stated; but that is not necessary for Hajj-ul-
Ifraad. In Hajj-ut-Tamatu', slaughtering of an animal is
obligatory, as discussed earlier on; but that is not
necessary for Hajj-ul-Ifraad. In Hajj-ut-Tamatu', it is not
permissible to give precedence by choice to tawaf or sa'y
over the two stops. it is permissible, though, to do so in
Hajj-ul-Ifraad. In Hajj-ut-Tamatu', the ihram for the Hajj is
worn in Makkah. For Hajj-ul-Ifraad, it depends upon
whether the pilgrim lives in Makkah or not. This will be set
out below. Umrat-ut-Tamatu' must precede the Hajj; but
that is not necessary for Hajj-ul-Ifraad. As a matter of
obligatory caution, in Hajj-ut-Tamatu', it is not permitted
to make an optional tawaf after wearing the ihram for it
but that is permitted in Hajj-ul-Ifraad.
Rule 159: If a person wears ihram for an optional Hajj-ul-
Ifraad, he is permitted to change his intention to Umrat-ut-
Tamatu' by carrying out taqseer, and thus coming out of
ihram, unless he has recited Talbiyah after sa'y, in which
```

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case the change is not permitted.
Rule 160: If a person wears ihram for Hajj-ul-Ifraad and
enters Makkah, he is permitted to perform an optional
tawaf. However, as a matter of gratuitous precaution (al
ahwatil awla), it is obligatory on him to repeat the talbiyah
after the prayers for the tawaf if he did not change his
intention to Hajj-ut-Tamatu' while it was permissible to do
so. This precautionary measure also applies to obligatory
tawaf.
```